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 Babul, babool, prickly acacia, black piquant, egyptian acacia, indian gum arabic tree, gum arabic tree, thorn mimosa, thorny acacia, kikar, sant tree [English]; goma arábica, acacia gomifera [Spanish]; acacia de cayenne, gommier rouge [French]; Lekkerruikpeul [Afrikaans]; سنط نيلي [Arabic]; 阿拉伯金合欢 [Chinese]; बबूल [Hindi]; കരിവേലം [Malayalam]; ਕਿੱਕਰ [Punjabi]; Акация нильская [Russian]; கருவேலம் [Tamil]; నల్ల తుమ్మ [Telugu] Species  Acacia nilotica L.  Fabaceae Acacia nilotica is a plant species that is almost ubiquitously found in different parts of the world. Various preparations of it have been advocated in folk medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy, smallpox, dysentery, cough, ophthalmia, toothache, skin cancer as astringent, antispasmodic, and aphrodisiac since immemorial times. The present study investigates the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory potential of hot aqueous extract (HAE) of Acacia nilotica leaves. On dry matter bas...

 Endophytes of ocimum sanctum genetically hybrid with Endophytes of Curcuma longa and it's effect on transgenic oncomice  ocimum senctum Endophytes are beneficial microbes that reside intercellularly inside the plants. Interaction of endophytes with the host plants and their function within their host are important to address ecological relevance of endophyte. Four endophytic bacteria OS-9, OS-10, OS-11, and OS-12 were isolated from healthy leaves of Ocimum sanctum. These isolated microbes were screened in dual culture against various phytopathogenic fungi viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium solani, Alternaria solani, and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Of these, strain OS-9 was found to be antagonistic to R. solani, A. solani, F. solani, and C. lindemuthianum while OS-11 was found antagonistic against A. solani only. The growth-promoting benefits of the endophytes were initially evaluated in the glasshouse by inoculated seeds of O. sanctum. Treatment with end...

Ninhydrin Reaction The reaction of ninhydrin with primary amino groups to form the purple dye now called Ruhemann's purple (RP) was discovered by Siegfried Ruhemann in 1910. In addition, imines such as pipecolic acid and proline, the guanidino group of arginine, the amide groups of asparagine, the indole ring of tryptophan, the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, amino groups of cytosine and guanine, and cyanide ions also react with ninhydrin to form various chromophores of analytical interest. Since its discovery, extensive efforts have been made to apply manual and automated ninhydrin reactions as well as ninhydrin spray reagents to the detection, isolation, and analysis of numerous compounds of interest across a broad spectrum of disciplines. These include agricultural, biochemical, clinical, environmental, food, forensic, histochemical, microbiological, medical, nutritional, plant, and protein sciences. This reaction is unique among chromogenic reactions in that at pH 5.5 it results ...

 Betula utilis (HIMALAYAN BIRCH) FAMILY:Betulaceae INTRODUCTION  India is virtually a herbarium of the world. In India, we are using plants and herbs as the basic source of medicine because we are rich in them. Herbals which form a part of our nutrition and provide us an additional therapeutic effect are in demand and Betula utilis is one of such plant.  Betula utilis is a significant medicinal plant which is widespread throughout the Himalayan region,  commonly known as Bhoj patra . There are at least 250,00 species of plants out of which more than one thousand plants have been found to possess considerable pharmacological properties among these a traditional medicinal plant Betula utilis is a birch tree native to the Himalayas. The bark of birch tree has been the subject of respect and admiration throughout prehistory and history in the modern world Traditionally the bark of B. utilis is widely used in the treatment of various ailments and diseases such as wound he...

 Introduction and discussion Biotic and abiotic factors cause an enormous amount of yield and economical loss. However, endophytes can play a significant role in enhancing the tolerance of plants. Endophytes systematically colonize different parts of the host, but plants use a variety of defense mechanisms towards microbial infection. However, they have to survive the oxidative environments, and endophytes like Enterobacter sp. encode superoxide dismutases, catalases, and hydroperoxide reductases to cope up the oxidative stress during colonization. On the contrary, others produce subtilomycin which binds with flagella to affect flg22-induced plant defense. The behavior of endophytes can be affected by different genes in hydrolase activity when they come into contact with the host plant. The lifestyle of endophytes is influenced by environmental factors, the host, and microbial genotypes, as well as an imbalance in nutrient exchange between the microbe and the host. For in...

 Denolix Regia. Common name: Flame Tree, Royal Poinciana • Hindi: Gulmohar गुलमोहर • Bengali: Krishnachura • Kannada: Kempu torai • Kannada: ಕೆಂಪುತುರಾಯಿ Kempu turai, ಕತ್ತಿಕಾಯಿಮರ Kattikaayi mara, ಸೀಮೆಸಂಕೇಶ್ವರ Seeme sankeshwara • Mizo: April-par Botanical name: Delonix regia    Family: Caesalpiniaceae (Gulmohar family) Traditionally Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. has been used in various ailments such as chronic fever, antimicrobial, constipation, inflammation, arthritis, hemoplagia, piles, boils, pyorrhea, scorpion bite, bronchitis, asthma and dysmenorrhoea. We present an immune system simulator based on a hybrid discrete/continuous approach. In particular, sim- ulated lymphocytes, antigens and immunocomplexes are treated as stochastic discrete entities whereas interleukins, chemokines and in general small signalling molecules are described as continuous variables ruled by differential equations. The version of the model we present here is customized to reproduce the immune res...

  Pithecellobium dulce family: fabaceae Guamachil, Manila tamarind,  Madras thorn Source: James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS The fruit more probably the aril, is reported to contain, per 100 g, 78 calories, 77.8% water, 3.0% protein, 0.4% fat, 18.2% total carbohydrate, 1.2% fiber, 0.6% ash, 13 mg Ca, 42 mg P, 0.5 mg Fe, 19 mg Na, 222 mg K, 15 mg b-carotene equivalent, 0.24 mg thiamine, 0.10 mg riboflavin, 0.60 mg niacin, and 133 mg ascorbic acid. The essential amino acids in the aril are 143 mg/100 g valine, 178 lysine, 41 phenylalanine, and 26 tryptophan. An Indian aril (60% of the pod) contained 21.0 mg Ca/100 g, 40.0 Mg, 58.0 P, 1.1 Fe, 3.7 Na, 377 K, 0.6 Cu, and 109 S. As calcium pectate, pectin occurs as 0.96% of the sugars (mostly glucose) analysis of the aril (C.S.I.R., 1948–1976). The whole fruit, with husk and seeds (58% refuse) contains 33 calories, 32.7% moisture, 1.3 g protein, 0.2 g fat, 7.6 g total car...

  Aegle marmelos Aegle marmelos  Correa commonly known as Bilva or Sriphal or Shivadruma (the tree of shiva) in Sanskrit, Bel or Bael in Hindi, and as wood apple, stone apple, Bengal quince, Indian quince, holy fruit or golden apple in English, is an important medicinal tree in India. Bael trees are indigenous to India and are found growing in abundance in the Himalayan regions, Bengal, Central and South India, as well as in Srilanka, Burma, Thailand, Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Pakistan. Bael leaves are offered to the Indian deity, Lord Shiva, and the tree is planted extensively in temples for this reason (Das and Das, 1995; Maity et al., 2009). Bael is reported to contain biologically important phytochemicals such as the volatile compounds limonene, β-phellandrene, p-cymene, linalool, α-cubebene, cineole, p-cymene, citronella, citral, β-cubebene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, caryophyllene oxide, humulene oxide, and hexadecanoic acid and coumarins such a...

  Betel (Piper Betel Linn.) classification Kingdom:plantae Division: magnoliophyta Class: magnoliopsida Order:Piperales Family: Piperasceae Genus:Piper Species:P. betle botonical   Pier betle L. Approximately 85-90% of betel leaf is water, which means it has high moisture content and low calorie count. About 100 grams of betel leaves contain just 44 calories. It contains 0.4-1% fat and 3-3.5% protein, which makes it a low source of fat and moderate source of protein. Furthermore, the betel leaf contains moderate amounts of essential nutrients such as iodine (3.4 mcg/ 100 grams), potassium (1.1-4.6%), vitamin A (1.9-2.9 mg/ 100 grams), vitamin B1 (13-70 mcg/ 100 grams), vitamin B2 (1.9-30 mcg/ 100 grams) and nicotinic acid (0.63-0.89 mg/ 100 grams). Besides these nutrients betel leaves contain essential oils and chemical components such as betel oil and chavicol, betelphenol, eugenol, terpene and campene. These chemical components possess medicinal properties and help in t...

 Introduction Tagetes is a genus (family Compositae/ Asteraceae) containing about 50 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plant. The plant Tagetes erecta L. is locally known as Genda Phool (Marigold). Marigold is a spice native to India. Historically, marigold has been used all over India, China and Indonesia as a spice and medicinal agent. Marigold is a spice that enhances the flavour of foods and is the base of most Indian curries.  Marigold is used in curries goes back more than 5000 years. It is stout, branching herb, native to Mexico and other warmer parts of America and neutralized elsewhere in the tropics and subtropics including India and Bangladesh. These are rapid growing annual flowering plants in height ranging from dwarfs of 6-8 inch, to medium and taller and erect growing plants with heights from 10 into 3ft, bearing large pompon-like double flower up to 5 in across and has a shorter flowering period from midsummer to frost. It is very popular as a garden pl...

 The Spermatogenic and Ovogenic effects of chronically administered Jaggery to rats Sperm count  All the animal groups male and female administered jaggery  showed an increase in the number of sperms in both the testes and epididymides in a dose dependent manner compared with the control group. In particular, the epididymides from groups II and III showed a significant increase in the number of sperm compared with the control group and ova in ovaries in female rats The weight of each of the organs was calculated as a weight percentage to the body weight. BIOASSAY Materials and methods Study Design Validated methods [8], specified by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), were used to determine the bioactivities of each product individually and subsequent mixtures of the two. The bioassays were performed at Qualtech Laboratories Inc., Ocean, New Jersey. Ovarian weights (FSH bioassay) or seminal vesicle weights (LH bioassay) were obtained after treating prepubertal female or...