ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF ACACIA NILOTICA L. FRUITS AND SEEDS PREPARATION ON ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETICS RATS MODEL

 Babul, babool, prickly acacia, black piquant, egyptian acacia, indian gum arabic tree, gum arabic tree, thorn mimosa, thorny acacia, kikar, sant tree [English]; goma arábica, acacia gomifera [Spanish]; acacia de cayenne, gommier rouge [French]; Lekkerruikpeul [Afrikaans]; سنط نيلي [Arabic]; 阿拉伯金合欢 [Chinese]; बबूल [Hindi]; കരിവേലം [Malayalam]; ਕਿੱਕਰ [Punjabi]; Акация нильская [Russian]; கருவேலம் [Tamil]; నల్ల తుమ్మ [Telugu]

Species 

Acacia nilotica L.

 Fabaceae

Acacia nilotica is a plant species that is almost ubiquitously found in different parts of the world. Various preparations of it have been advocated in folk medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy, smallpox, dysentery, cough, ophthalmia, toothache, skin cancer as astringent, antispasmodic, and aphrodisiac since immemorial times. The present study investigates the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory potential of hot aqueous extract (HAE) of Acacia nilotica leaves. On dry matter basis, the filtered HAE had a good extraction ratio (33.46%) and was found to have carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, saponins, and flavonoids as major constituents. HAE produced dose dependent zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus uberis and fungal pathogens Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigates; however, no antiviral activity was recorded against IBR virus. HAE of A. nilotica revealed both proliferative and inhibitory effects on the rat splenocytes and IL-10 release depending on the dose. Detailed studies involving wide spectrum of bacterial, fungal, and viral species are required to prove or know the exact status of each constituents of the plant extract.

The plant is reported to have antibacterial effects against pathogenic microorganisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . A. nilotica showed high antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus and E. Coli

Acute Oral Toxicity Study (Determination of LD50)

The Karber method was used to determine the LD50 (Chinedu et al., 2013). Seven groups of five albino rats each weighing 140–200 g were treated orally once, with different doses of L. edulis crude aqueous extracts (10, 100, 300, 2000, 5000, and 6000 mg/kg).

For signs of toxicity, the OECD guide (Co-operation and Development, 2002) was followed to determine toxicity, with the help of the Hodge and Sterner scale.

Anti-diabetic Activity in Alloxan Induced Diabetes Model

Alloxan monohydrate (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), was used to cause pharmacological diabetes to confirm the effectiveness of aqueous extracts in experimental diabetic conditions. Diabetes was induced in 80 male albino rats by injecting 120 mg/kg of Alloxan monohydrate intra-peritoneally dissolved in 0.9% w/v cold normal saline to overnight-fasted rats (12 h). The rats were afterward kept for the next 24 h on 10% glucose solution bottles, in their cages, to prevent hypoglycemia. After 72 h of injection, fasting blood glucose level was measured. The animals that did not develop more than 200 mg/dL glucose levels were omitted from the study. Thirty six (36) selected diabetic and non-diabetic animals were divided into six groups (n = 6). Group 1 served as normal control and was treated with 1 ml distilled water orally fed using a feeding tube. Group 2 had alloxan induced diabetes and received 1 ml of distilled water every morning; Group 3 had alloxan induced diabetes and was treated with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg/day) as the reference drug every morning. Groups 4, 5, and 6 had alloxan induced diabetes and were given 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg  doses, respectively. The animals were given the extracts once every morning by compulsory oral intubations before meals. The treatment was continued for fourteen (14) consecutive days.

Collection of Blood Samples for Glucose Analysis

Blood samples for glucose analysis were collected from the tail vein of the overnight fasted rats (12 h) after 3 days of administration of Alloxan (day 0) and subsequently on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14. The first blood drop was wiped away but the second was dropped onto a glucose strip in the Accu-Chek glucometer (Roche Diagnostics, Germany), to get a glucose reading. The tails were then rubbed with ethanol to prevent infection.

Biochemical Parameters

On days 0 and 14, blood samples for serum lipid levels were collected from overnight fasted rats under diethyl ether anesthesia by retro orbital plexus puncture method and were kept aside for 30 min for clotting. The serum was separated by centrifuging the sample at 2500 rounds per minute, for 10 min at 25°C. It was subsequently analyzed for TG, HDL, and TC using the Mission Cholesterol Meter (Acon Laboratories, Inc. San Diego, CA, United States).

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) was calculated as Triglycerides (TG); TG/5, and LDL was estimated using the Friedewald formula (Friedewald et al., 1972) as follows:

LDL (mg/dL)=TC−(HDL+VLDL)

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