Cardio-protective and Anti-atherosclerosis Effect of lyophilised pithecellobium Dulce fruits powder on Vitamin D3 and HFD-induced Atherosclerosis in Rats
Pithecellobium dulce
family: fabaceae
Guamachil, Manila tamarind, Madras thorn
Source: James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
The fruit more probably the aril, is reported to contain, per 100 g, 78 calories, 77.8% water, 3.0% protein, 0.4% fat, 18.2% total carbohydrate, 1.2% fiber, 0.6% ash, 13 mg Ca, 42 mg P, 0.5 mg Fe, 19 mg Na, 222 mg K, 15 mg b-carotene equivalent, 0.24 mg thiamine, 0.10 mg riboflavin, 0.60 mg niacin, and 133 mg ascorbic acid. The essential amino acids in the aril are 143 mg/100 g valine, 178 lysine, 41 phenylalanine, and 26 tryptophan. An Indian aril (60% of the pod) contained 21.0 mg Ca/100 g, 40.0 Mg, 58.0 P, 1.1 Fe, 3.7 Na, 377 K, 0.6 Cu, and 109 S. As calcium pectate, pectin occurs as 0.96% of the sugars (mostly glucose) analysis of the aril (C.S.I.R., 1948–1976). The whole fruit, with husk and seeds (58% refuse) contains 33 calories, 32.7% moisture, 1.3 g protein, 0.2 g fat, 7.6 g total carbohydrate, 0.5 g fiber, 0.2 g ash, 5 mg Ca, 18 mg P, 0.2 mg Fe, 8 mg Na, 93 mg K, 5 mcg b-carotene equivalent, 0.10 mg thiamine, 0.4 mg riboflavin, 0.2 mg niacin, and 56 mg ascorbic acid (Leung et al, 1972). Per 100 g, the seed is reported to contain 13.5 g H2O, 17.7 g protein, 17.1 g fat, 41.4 g starch, 7.8 g fiber, 2.6 g ash. On alcoholic extraction, the seeds yield a saponin, a sterol glucoside, a flavone, and lecithin. The fatty acid composition of the seed is 24.3% saturated acids, 51.1% oleic, and 24.0% linoleic. Hager's Handbook (List and Horhammer, 1969–1979) reports 0.3% caprylic, 0.3% caprinic, 0.3% lauric, 0.8% myristic, 12.1% palmitic, 6.9% stearic, 3.1% arachidic, 13.1% behenic, 4.9% lignoceric, 32.2% oleic, and 26.0% linoleic acids in the fatty acids. Further listed is a saponin containing oleanolic- and echinocytic acids, with the sugar sequence xylose, arabinose, and glucose; also pithogenin, (C28H44O4), hederagenin and sodium nimbinate (which latter two are said to be antiarthritic and antiedemic in rats). Wax, hexacosanol, L-proline, L-leucine, L-valine, and asparagine, are also reported from the fruit, leucoro-binetinidin, leucofisetinidin, and melacacidin from the wood. After extraction of ca 20% edible oil, the seed cake, with 29.7% protein, can be used as animal feed. Bark contains up to 37% of a catechol type tannin. Bark also yields a yellow dye and 1.5% pectin. It is said to cause dermititis and eye inflammation. According to Roskoski et al (1980), studying Mexican material, the seeds contain 14.00% humidity, 2.66% ash, 25.69% CP, 8.12% EE, 22.16% CF, 26.97% carbohydrates with a 80.84% in vitro digestibility. The foliage contains 6.46% humidity, 15.34% ash, 17.17% CP, 6.83% EE, 30–95% CF, 23.25% carbohydrates, and 71.46% in vitro digestibility. For comparison, the Wealth of India reports (ZMB): 29.0% CP, 4.4% EE, 17.5% fiber, 43.6% NFE, 5.6% ash, 1.14% Ca, and 0.35% P. The manurial value of dry leaves is 4.91% N, 0.78% P2O5, 1.04% CaO, and 2.67% K2O. The antitumor compound, b-sitosterol (perhaps ubiquitous), and campesterol, stigmasterol, and a-spinasterol
occur in the heartwood (C.S.I.R., 1948–1976).
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Folk Medicine
Reported to be abortifacient, anodyne, astringent, larvicidal, guamachil is a folk remedy for convulsions, dysentery, dyspepsia, earache, leprosy, peptic ulcers, sores, toothache, and venereal disease (Duke and Wain, 1981). The bark of P. avaremotem, the "avaremo-temo" from Brazil, is a folk cancer elixir (Hartwell, 1967–1971).
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