Piper betel toxic effect and or its pharmacological indication

 



Betel (Piper Betel Linn.)


classification


Kingdom:plantae

Division: magnoliophyta

Class: magnoliopsida

Order:Piperales

Family: Piperasceae

Genus:Piper

Species:P. betle

botonical   Pier betle L.


Approximately 85-90% of betel leaf is water, which means it has high moisture content and low calorie count. About 100 grams of betel leaves contain just 44 calories. It contains 0.4-1% fat and 3-3.5% protein, which makes it a low source of fat and moderate source of protein.


Furthermore, the betel leaf contains moderate amounts of essential nutrients such as iodine (3.4 mcg/ 100 grams), potassium (1.1-4.6%), vitamin A (1.9-2.9 mg/ 100 grams), vitamin B1 (13-70 mcg/ 100 grams), vitamin B2 (1.9-30 mcg/ 100 grams) and nicotinic acid (0.63-0.89 mg/ 100 grams).


Besides these nutrients betel leaves contain essential oils and chemical components such as betel oil and chavicol, betelphenol, eugenol, terpene and campene. These chemical components possess medicinal properties and help in the treatment and management of various diseases and disorders.


Benefits of Betel Leaves


1. Anti-diabetic Agent


Various anti-diabetic medicines have side-effects on the liver and kidneys in the long run. Research has revealed that dried betel leaf powder has the ability to reduce blood glucose levels in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus and this herbal remedy comes without any side-effects.


2. Lowers High Cholesterol Levels


High cholesterol level is a risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Studies have found that betel leaf helps in lowering high levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. Furthermore, it also helps to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Such a lipid-lowering effect of betel leaf is attributed to the presence of eugenol, a natural antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals. Eugenol further inhibits the biosynthesis of cholesterol in the liver and reduces lipid absorption in the intestine. It further increases the catabolism of "bad" LDL cholesterol. High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides are mobilized from plasma to the liver and then they are eliminated in the form of bile acids. Thus, through various mechanisms betel leaves help in lowering high lipid levels.


3. Anti-cancer Agent


Betel levels when consumed with tobacco and betel nuts increase the risk of oral cancer. However, betel leaf alone is a reservoir of phenolic compounds that possess antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative and anti-bacterial properties. Studies have revealed chemo-preventive potential of betel leaves against various types of cancer. Furthermore, betel leaves contain an array of phytochemicals (health promoting plant chemicals) that possess cancer-fighting benefits. Oxidative stress plays a huge role in the pathophysiology of cancer. Betel leaves are an excellent source of antioxidants that neutralize free radicals and fight oxidative stress. It further inhibits the growth of cancer cells and its spread to different organs of the body.


4. Anti-microbial Agent


Essential oil present in betel leaves possess anti-bacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria namely, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aures, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the presence of phenolics and phytochemicals in betel leaves help to protect against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria



6. Anti-asthmatic Agent


Asthma is recognized as an inflammatory condition. Betel leaf possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and thus, it helps in the treatment and management of asthma. Histamine is an inflammatory mediator that plays a major role in causing asthma. Histamine causes bronchoconstriction, a sign of asthma in which airways in the lungs get constricted due to tightening of smooth muscles. Research has found that anti-histaminic activity of betel leaf may be a causative agent in lowering bronchial asthma cases. Furthermore, betel oil and polyphenols present in betel leaf possess anti-inflammatory properties that further helps in lowering asthma cases.

7. Helps Overcome Depression


8. Improves Oral Health


9. Gastro Protective Activity


References:


Antihypercholesterolemic and Antioxidative Potential of an Extract of the Plant, Piper betle, and Its Active Constituent, Eugenol, in Triton WR-1339-Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Experimental Rats -(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3913032/)


Piper betel leaf: a reservoir of potential xenohormetic nutraceuticals with cancer-fighting properties. -(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24449055/)


The effect of Piper betel extract on the wound healing process in experimentally induced diabetic rats. -(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20499023/)


EVALUATION OF ANTI-ASTHMATIC EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF PIPER BETLE LINN. AGAINST HISTAMINE INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM IN GUINEA PIGS -(http://www.cibtech.org/J-CHEMICAL-SCIENCES/PUBLICATIONS/2014/Vol-4-No-1/JCS-008--001-SEPT-13-HARAPRASAD...%20EVALUATION...%20PIGS.pdf)


Gastroprotective effect of Piper betle Linn. leaves grown in Sri Lanka -(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012360/)








TOXICITY EFFECT OF BETEL PLANTS (Piper betel l.)




Jeffrey K. Aronson, in Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases (Twenty-third Edition), 2014


Betel


Chewing betel, the leaves of Piper betle [sic], together with lime and areca (betel) nuts (Areca catechu) is a common practice in India, Sri Lanka, and other Eastern countries. It may act by inhibiting GABA uptake. The mouth, lips, and cheeks are stained bright red and the face is flushed; there is euphoria, heightened alertness, sweating, salivation, a hot sensation in the body, and an increased capacity to work; there are increases in heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, and body temperature.Betel chewers can also develop manganese toxicity through contamination of the plant.The presence of the codon  polymorphism in the hOGG1 gene may confer a greater risk of oral cancer in betel chewers.




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