Effect of Madhuca longifolia flower extracts on Cisplatin Induced Renal Apoptosis in Adult Male Albino Rats

 Effect of Madhuca longifolia on Cisplatin Induced Renal Apoptosis in Adult Male Albino Rats

Mahua flowers, fruits and leaves are edible and used as vegetables in India and other Southern Asian countries. The sweet, fleshy flowers are eaten fresh or dried, powdered and cooked with flour, used as a sweetener or fermented to make alcohol (Fern, 2014). The fleshy outer coat of the fruit is used as a vegetable. In India, during periods of scarcity, a combination of mahua flowers and sal seeds (Shorea robusta) is boiled to prepare a substitute for grain staples (Sunita et al., 2013). Mahua is an oil plant whose seeds yield between 35 and 47% oil (CJP, 2007; Ratnabhargavi, 2013). Mahua oil is used to make soaps and candles and is also used as a seed preservative against pests (Orwa et al., 2009). Oil produced in smallholder farms is of low quality and is mainly used as a ghee substitute or adulterant (Fern, 2014). Mahua oil is reported to have potential use in biodiesel production. In India, potential mahua oil production could be up to 60 million t/year (CJP, 2007). The oil cake resulting from oil extraction is used as a fertilizer, and could be used to control root-knot nematode and fungal infections because the high saponin content reduces nematodes and phytopathogenic fungi (Gupta, 2013; Orwa et al., 2009). Mahua trees host Antheraea paphia, the tassar silkworm which produces silk traditionally used in making saris (Vantomme, 2002). Mahua is also used for its hard, strong, dense and reddish timber (Orwa et al., 2009). Mahua flowers produce a nectar that is very valuable to honey bees in periods of scarcity (Singh et al., 2008). Mahua is reported to have many applications in traditional medicine, and to provide several environmental benefits (see Environmental impact below).

Several mahua products are used to feed livestock. Leaves, flowers and fruits are lopped to feed goats and sheep (Singh et al., 2008). The mahua oil cake (usually called mahua seed cake in India) is used for ruminants in areas where mahua oil production is important, but is generally considered detrimental to livestock performance due to its high saponin content (Singhal et al., 1986). Spent flowers, the by-product of alcohol production, are also occasionally fed to livestock (Reddy et al., 1966).

Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, involves a gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then removed in your urine. Advanced chronic kidney disease can cause dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes to build up in your body.

Cisplatin-induced renal proximal convoluted tubules’ death was originally thought to be the result of oncosis, a type of cell death that is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-independent and characterized by cell and organelle swelling and lysis . However, histological examination of cisplatin treated kidney tissue demonstrated pathology characteristic of both apoptosis and oncosis. Apoptosis is an active type of cell death that is energy-dependent and characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and activation of a family of cysteine proteases called caspases . Caspase 3 and Caspase 7 belong to the caspase family of proteases that play key roles in the apoptotic process. These enzymes are known as the executioner caspases, and are essentially the effect or proteins of the cellular apoptotic process. Activation of Caspase-3 has been identified as a key step in Dox mediated apoptosis in non-tumor cells. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis converge at the point of Caspase 3 activation and Doxorubicin (Dox) is known to activate both these pathways.

 

 

Healthy kidneys remove wastes and excess fluid from the blood. Blood and urine tests show how well the kidneys are doing their job and how quickly body wastes are being removed.  Urine tests can also detect whether the kidneys are leaking abnormal amounts of protein, a sign of kidney damage. Here's a quick guide to the tests used to measure kidney function.

 

Blood Tests

Serum Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product that comes from the normal wear and tear on muscles of the body. Creatinine levels in the blood can vary depending on age and body size. A creatinine level of greater than 1.2 for women and greater than 1.4 for men may be an early sign that the kidneys are not working properly. As kidney disease progresses, the level of creatinine in the blood rises.

Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR)

This test is a measure of how well the kidneys are removing wastes and excess fluid from the blood. It is calculated from the serum creatinine level using age and gender.  Normal GFR can vary according to age (as you get older it can decrease). The normal value for GFR is 90 or above. A GFR below 60 is a sign that the kidneys are not working properly. Once the GFR decreases below 15, one is at high risk for needing treatment for kidney failure, such as dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Urea nitrogen comes from the breakdown of protein in the foods you eat. A normal BUN level is between 7 and 20. As kidney function decreases, the BUN level rises.

 

 

Imaging Tests

Ultrasound

This test uses sound waves to get a picture of the kidney. It may be used to look for abnormalities in size or position of the kidneys or for obstructions such as stones or tumors.

CT Scan

This imaging technique uses X-rays to picture the kidneys. It may also be used to look for structural abnormalities and the presence of obstructions.  This test may require the use of intravenous contrast dye which can be of concern for those with kidney disease. 

 

Kidney Biopsy

A biopsy may be done occasionally for one of the following reasons:

to identify a specific disease process and determine whether it will respond to treatment

to evaluate the amount of damage that has occurred in the kidney

to find out why a kidney transplant may not be doing well

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